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Trial registered on ANZCTR

Registration number

ACTRN12612000855820

Ethics application status

Approved

Date submitted

13/08/2012

Date registered

14/08/2012

Date last updated

14/08/2012

Type of registration

Retrospectively registered

Titles & IDs

Public title

Does providing music before and during a colonoscopy reduce anxiety and influence the dose of anesthesia?

Scientific title

Music versus no music for anxiety and pain during colonoscopy

Secondary ID [1]

None

Universal Trial Number (UTN)

Trial acronym

Linked study record

Health condition

Health condition(s) or problem(s) studied:

Anxiety before and after colonoscopy

Pain during and after colonoscopy

Condition category

Condition code

Oral and Gastrointestinal

Other diseases of the mouth, teeth, oesophagus, digestive system including liver and colon

Intervention/exposure

Study type

Interventional

Description of intervention(s) / exposure

Before the colonoscopy, patients were asked to fill out a short questionnaire of demographic information and about their anxiety prior to the procedure. Headphones were then be put on and the patient were able to adjust the volume. The patients were asked to concentrate on their breathing. The music was an hour or so of classical music chosen by one of the investigators with relevant qualifications in music and made as a loop so it would not stop during the procedure. The procedure itself can take anywhere between 20 and 45 minutes, depending on what is found, and recovery time is around two hours to ensure the sedation has worn off. The headphones remained on during the procedure and were removed upon completion of the procedure when patients were moved to the recovery suite.

The music was selected with the following in mind:
1. Tempo of music is more important than its genre. For music to be relaxing, its tempo should be lower than the heart beat (average 72 bpm). Relaxing function of music is achieved through slowing and deepening breathing, lowering blood pressure and muscle loosening (Bernardi, Porta & Sleight, 2006)
2. Music that is known to the listener is more relaxing and that’s why baroque music which is present in the media and widely known to general public was selected (Labbe, Schmidt, Babin & Pharr, 2007)
3. For music to be relaxing, it needs to be slow with breaks between musical notes and cannot be too loud, without sudden changes with regular pulsation (Reinhardt, 1999)

Intervention code [1]

Other interventions

Comparator / control treatment

Patients in the control group were told that they are contributing to a study to investigate the anxiety and pain associated with a colonoscopy; therefore music was not mentioned. Headphones were placed on the patient before and remained on during the procedure with no music. They were told that this is to block out the noise of the busy unit.

Control group

Placebo

Outcomes

Primary outcome [1]

anxiety

Timepoint [1]

baseline and after the procedure measured on the State Trait Anxiety Inventory

Secondary outcome [1]

pain

Timepoint [1]

during and after the procedure as per the dose of sedation and Visual Analogue Scale

Eligibility

Key inclusion criteria

To be considered eligible for the study the patients had to:
1. Be undergoing a colonoscopy on the given day
2. Be at least 18 years of age
3. Have sufficient knowledge of English to understand and answer questions in a written format.

Minimum age

18 Years

Maximum age

No limit

Sex

Both males and females

Can healthy volunteers participate?

Key exclusion criteria

To be considered ineligible for the study the patients had to:
1. Be suffering from a cognitive impairment (due to the nature of the questionnaire, a cognitive impairment would make the participant unable to understand and answer the questions accurately)
2. Be suffering from a hearing impairment that would affect their ability to listen to music via headphones.

Study design

Purpose of the study

Prevention

Allocation to intervention

Randomised controlled trial

Procedure for enrolling a subject and allocating the treatment (allocation concealment procedures)

Participants were recruited from the RAH Gastroenterology booking list for colonoscopy. All patients were contacted via a letter, describing the study (patient information sheet), what is involved, the level of commitment required, and an invitation to participate in the study. The letter included an opt out slip for subjects who wish to not be contacted any further as well as a consent form for participants who want to be involved in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to either experimental (music) group or controls. The word ‘music’ was written on 20 pieces of paper and ‘non-music’ on another 20. On each day, prior to approaching any patients, a piece of paper was selected out of an envelope and this determined the group allocation for each day. Patients in both groups were told that they were contributing to a study to investigate the use of headphones on the anxiety, pain and overall experience of colonoscopy. The music group was also told that music would be playing through the headphones. This was to avoid the non-music group feeling they were receiving a lesser intervention, leading to a possible negative impact on their responses.

Patients were asked to fill out the demographic and anxiety questionnaires. Then, approximately 10 minutes before colonoscopy, the headphones were put on. The music group were able to adjust the volume and the non-music group were not plugged in to any device. The headphones remained on during colonoscopy and were removed upon completion.

After colonoscopy when the effects of sedation had subsided, patients were asked to complete the anxiety questionnaire again and also to complete a questionnaire on pain and overall experience. In some cases, if the patient was not feeling up to reading or did not have their glasses, the questions were read to them and answers transcribed by the researcher.

Methods used to generate the sequence in which subjects will be randomised (sequence generation)

Simple randomisation by selecting a piece of paper from an envelope including 40 pieces of paper with words 'music'/'no music' written on them determined group allocation for participants on a given day.

Masking / blinding

Blinded (masking used)

Who is / are masked / blinded?

Intervention assignment

Parallel

Other design features

A pilot, semi-randomised (since patients were randomised by days of the procedure) control trial was performed to determine the effect of music on anxiety and pain associated with colonoscopy and a patient’s willingness to repeat the procedure. Headphones were used in all subjects with the intervention group receiving music and the control group had the headphones muted during the procedure. Outcomes were assessed with quantitative measures and scales.

Phase

Not Applicable

Type of endpoint/s

Efficacy

Statistical methods / analysis

Recruitment

Recruitment status

Completed

Date of first participant enrolment

Anticipated

1/06/2011

Actual

Date of last participant enrolment

Anticipated

Actual

Date of last data collection

Anticipated

Actual

Sample size

Target

Accrual to date

Final

Recruitment in Australia

Recruitment state(s)

Funding & Sponsors

Funding source category [1]

Self funded/Unfunded

Name [1]

Antonina Mikocka-Walus

Address [1]

School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of South Australia
GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA

Country [1]

Australia

Primary sponsor type

Individual

Name

Antonina Mikocka-Walus

Address

University of South Australia, School of Nursing and Midwifery, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA

Country

Australia

Secondary sponsor category [1]

Individual

Name [1]

Fiona Martindale

Address [1]

School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Magil 5067, SA

Country [1]

Australia

Secondary sponsor category [2]

Individual

Name [2]

Jane Andrews

Address [2]

Department of Gastroenetrology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5001, SA

Country [2]

Australia

Other collaborator category [1]

Individual

Name [1]

Bartlomiej Walus

Address [1]

Elder Conservatorium of Music, University of Adelaide, 5005, Adelaide, SA

Country [1]

Australia

Other collaborator category [2]

Individual

Name [2]

Hannah Keage

Address [2]

School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Magil 5067, SA

Country [2]

Australia

Ethics approval

Ethics application status

Approved

Ethics committee name [1]

Royal Adelaide Hospital Resaecrh Ethics Committee and University of South Australia Research Ethics Committee

Ethics committee address [1]

RAH REC
Level 3 Hanson Institute, RAH, North Terrace, Adelaide  SA  5000

UniSA REC
Research and Innovation Services
Mawson Lakes Campus 
University of South Australia 
GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, SA, 5001

Ethics committee country [1]

Australia

Date submitted for ethics approval [1]

Approval date [1]

18/05/2011

Ethics approval number [1]

RAH REC ID: 110425 and UNISA REC: 0000024299

Summary

Brief summary

Background & Aim
There is a controversy on whether listening to music prior or during colonoscopy reduces anxiety, pain and improves satisfaction and compliance with the procedure. In particular, music has been found to reduce anxiety around colonoscopy in a number of studies. However, these studies only used first time colonoscopy patients, self-selected music for 15 minutes prior to the procedure and were focusing on pre-procedural anxiety.  Further, only one previous study used theory to design a specific music track. However, the music used there was Turkish classical music and thus studies with Western populations and music known to them are needed to avoid possible cultural bias. Future studies should explore theory based interventions since the majority of current studies (i.e. using self-selected music) did not explain why this method was chosen, did not record the frequency of each genre of music selected or did not consider it in their analysis and controversies in findings may be due to particular designs rather than theory versus self-selected music. In addition, one previous study found that providing self-selected music via headphones during the procedure significantly reduced the self-reported pain. However, other studies in which background music or self-selected music via headphones was used during the procedure showed no significant differences in pain between the conditions. Further, several previous studies have shown that music (both self-selected and investigator selected) may reduce the sedation required during colonoscopy. Music has also been shown to increase the patient satisfaction of colonoscopy. Thus, this study aimed to establish whether specifically designed music significantly affects anxiety, pain and experience associated with colonoscopy.
Methods
This semi-randomized controlled study selected music, using theory, for the purpose of relaxation. Thirty-four day patients undergoing a colonoscopy were provided with either muted headphones (n=17) or headphones playing the investigator-selected music (n=17) for 10 minutes prior to and during colonoscopy. Anxiety, pain, sedation dose and overall experience were measured using quantitative measures and scales. 
Results
Participants’ state anxiety decreased over time (p<0.001).  However, music did not significantly reduce anxiety (p=0.441), pain scores (p=0.313) or midazolam (p=0.327) or fentanyl doses (p=0.295). Despite these findings, 100% of the music group indicated that they would want music if they were to repeat the procedure, as compared to only 50% of those in the non-music group wanting to wear muted headphones.  The majority would not want to pick their own music.
Conclusions
Although no significant effects of music on pain, anxiety and sedation were found, a clear preference for music was expressed, therefore warranting further research on this subject. Larger studies are needed and data on the most appropriate music for colonoscopy should also be obtained as all music may not be equally efficacious.

Trial website

N/A

Trial related presentations / publications

Not yet available

Public notes

Contacts

Principal investigator

Name

Address

Country

Phone

Fax

Contact person for public queries

Name

Antonina Mikocka-Walus

Address

UniSA, Nursing
GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA

Country

Australia

Phone

+61883022468

Fax

+61883022168

antonina.mikocka-walus@unisa.edu.au

Contact person for scientific queries

Name

Antonina Mikocka-Walus

Address

UniSA, Nursing
GPO Box 2471, Adelaide 5001, SA

Country

Australia

Phone

+61883022468

Fax

+61883022168

antonina.mikocka-walus@unisa.edu.au

No information has been provided regarding IPD availability

What supporting documents are/will be available?

No Supporting Document Provided

Results publications and other study-related documents

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